📚 Relevant Scholarship

A growing list of research supporting belonging in online learning environments

Empirical Research on Belonging

Binning, K. R., et al. (2020). Changing Social Contexts to Foster Equity in College Science Courses: An Ecological-Belonging Intervention. Psychological Science, 31(9), 1059–1070.
Goodenow, C. (1993). Classroom belonging among early adolescent students: Relationships to motivation and achievement. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 13(1), 21–43.
Naidoo, K., et al. (2023). Doctoral Students’ Experiences, Self-Efficacy, and Sense of Belonging Related to Academic Writing in an Online Program. Education Sciences, 13, 1097.
Peacock, S. & Cowan, J. (2019). Promoting sense of belonging in online learning communities of inquiry. Online Learning, 23(2), 67-81.
Peacock, S., et al. (2020). An Exploration Into the Importance of a Sense of Belonging for Online Learners. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 21(2), 18-34.
Sokolowich, J. R., et al. (2022). Taking the temperature of distance learners. Nursing Education Perspectives, 43(3), 152-157.
Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2007). A question of belonging: Race, social fit, and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 82–96.

Bloomberg, L. & Volpe, M. (2019). Completing Your Qualitative Dissertation. SAGE Publications.
Branson, R.K., et al. (1975). Interservice procedures for instructional systems development. U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command.
Campbell, K., et al. (2011). Investigating sociocultural issues in instructional design. In Handbook of Research on Culturally-Aware Information Technology.
Campbell, K., et al. (2005). Agency of the instructional designer: Moral coherence and transformative social practice. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 21(2), 242–262.
DeVaughn, P. & Stefaniak, J. (2020). How learning design programs prepare instructional designers. ETR&D, 68, 3299–3326.
Dick, W., & Carey, L. (1996). The systematic design of instruction. 4th ed.
Gray, C.M., et al. (2015). Judgment and instructional design: How ID practitioners work. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 28, 25-49.
Kemp, J. E. (1985). The instructional design process. Harper & Row.
Martin, B. & Hanington, M. (2019). Universal Methods of Design. Rockport.
Wehr, K., et al. (2023). Co-Designing an Action-Oriented Instructional Design Community. JAID, 13(1).
Yusop, F. D., & Correia, A. (2012). Civic-minded instructional designers framework. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(2), 180-190.

Barab, S., et al. (2007). Our designs and the social agendas they carry. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 16(2), 263–305.
Costanza-Chock, S. (2020). Design Justice. MIT Press.
Pipe, L. M., & Stephens, J. T. (2021). Justice-forward course design. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 21(10), 94-102.
Stommel, J. & Burtis, M. F. (2022). Counter-friction to stop the machine. In Toward a Critical Instructional Design.